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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 13 March 2026

First Online: 20 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study did not require ethical approval as it exclusively involved samples of diseased and healthy rice seeds and plants, and did not involve human or animal subjects. The handling of rice seeds and plants in this study complied with institutional principles and national guidelines (Plants and Fertilisers Act 2010).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: This study is not a clinical trial.

: This study was carried out on diseased and healthy rice plants. Samples of the diseased rice plants were harvested from farmer fields in the districts indicated in the material and methods section. Healthy rice plants were raised from seeds of the Legon rice 1 variety obtained from the Soil and Irrigation Research Centre of the University of Ghana. The study did not involve any endangered. Plant species. Detailed protocol of how the samples were collected and handled is stated in the materials and methods section of this work.