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Article History

Received: 14 August 2025

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 27 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This research followed institutional and national guidelines for agricultural research. Field experiments were conducted at the Ornamental Nursery, Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan, using certified Roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seeds and standard agricultural practices. No genetically modified organisms, endangered species, human participants, or animals were involved.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants.

: All authors have read and approved the final manuscript and agree to its publication in this journal.

: The authors declare no competing interests.