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Article History

Received: 8 November 2025

Accepted: 23 July 2026

First Online: 2 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study involved plant materials only and did not require ethical approval. All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional, national, and international guidelines for the use of plant genetic resources and biosafety standards. Not applicable.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Collection of plant specimens: In our study, neem ( Azadirachta indica ), tulsi ( Ocimum sanctum ), and bishkatali ( Persicaria lapathifolia ) were collected from naturally growing wild plants within Gazipur, Bangladesh.On the otherhand, bulbs of garlic and ginger roots were purchased from local markets in Gazipur city. Moreover, these species are commonly and spontaneously growing in open areas and homestead surroundings, and no specific permission was required for sample collection as they are not protected or endangered species.

Plant reproducibility: All plant experiments were conducted under standardized and controlled conditions to ensure reproducibility.