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Article History

Received: 24 March 2026

Accepted: 28 July 2026

First Online: 5 August 2026

Declarations

Ethical approval: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants or animals. The collection of plant materials, including Euphorbia thyrsoidea Boiss. and Oxalis latifolia Kunth was conducted in accordance with institutional, local, and national guidelines. No endangered or protected plant species were involved in this study.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Permissions statement: Plant material collection was conducted in accordance with institutional, local, and national regulations. The studied species are common and widely distributed, and no specific permits or licenses were required for their collection.

Plant reproducibility: The plant materials used in this study, Euphorbia thyrsoidea Boiss. (1862) and Oxalis latifolia Kunth (1822), were collected from Samarbagh, Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The specimens were taxonomically identified by Dr. Rahat Ullah, Head of the Department, Ghazi Umara Khan Degree College, Samarbagh, Lower Dir, Pakistan. Voucher specimens were prepared and deposited in the Herbarium of Ghazi Umara Khan Degree College under accession numbers GURK_1023 for E. thyrsoidea and GURK_1024 for O. latifolia . The collection and use of the plant materials complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. No endangered or protected plant species were involved in the study.