Document is current

Article History

Received: 8 February 2025

Accepted: 20 August 2025

First Online: 26 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted on authorized experimental fields at the Quzhou Experimental Station of China Agricultural University (Hebei Province, China), with approval from the university’s research oversight committee, and at Lisasadzi Residential Training Center (RTC) in Kasungu District, Malawi, with approval from the RTC Principal. All plant materials used in this study were cultivated and not collected from the wild. The maize (Denghai 605) and soybean (Ji Dou 14) seeds used in China were commercially sourced from Guihu Agricultural Supplies Co., Ltd. These complied with the Seed Law of the People’s Republic of China (2022) and the protocols of the university’s experimental station. The maize (Mkango SC 653) and soybean (SC Serenade) seeds used in Malawi were commercially obtained from Seed Co., Ltd. These complied with Malawi’s Seed Act, 2022 (Act No. 21 of 2022). No additional permissions or licenses were required for the use of these cultivated, commercially available seed varieties.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.