Document is current

Article History

Received: 24 March 2025

Accepted: 26 November 2025

First Online: 15 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Consent was sought to carry out this work. The study was caried at a farmers field and the farmer agreed to host the study. Sampling was done on private land, and the landowner gave permission for this. Samples were collected in Marange smallholder farming area (19° 11′30″ S; and 32° 3′30″ E). The local and national guidelines for plant material cultivated were followed

: ZS242 orange pro-vitamin A maize variety, Nua45 beans and CBC2 for cowpeas, were sourced from Mkushi seeds, Mt Hampden in Harare, while groundnuts and bambara nuts seeds were sourced from local agro-dealer shops.

: Appropriate permissions and/or licences for collection of plant specimens and seeds were sought. -Permission to collect the plants used in this study were obtained.

: All authors Consent to this article.

: The authors declare no competing interests.