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Article History

Received: 27 October 2025

Accepted: 19 March 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Declarations

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: Consent to participate is not required as this study did not involve human participants or animals. The plant materials (plant parts and seeds) used in this research were obtained from cultivated agricultural sources and commonly grown crop species in the state of Assam, India. Therefore, no specific permissions or licenses were acquired for their collection or use under local or national regulations. Care was taken to ensure that the sampling and collection activities did not disturb local biodiversity or cause any ecological imbalance in the study area. The studies involved cultivated tropical rice ( Oryza sativa ) varieties. Seeds of the rice varieties Arize 6129 (CRM-13-3241 X Kalinga II) and Sona mashuri (Mahsuri x Pankaj) were procured from the certified seed distributor, Golakganj Paddy Purchase Centre, Dhubri district, Assam, under the Food and Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd., Assam, India. Soil and plant samples were collected from the experimental area and analyzed. The research was conducted on privately owned land belonging to the primary author (JS), and full permission was granted to carry out the study at this location.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.