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Article History

Received: 17 May 2025

Accepted: 4 November 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Declarations

:

: All animal experiments were designed and conducted in accordance with international ethical guidelines and were reviewed and approved by the Badr University in Cairo Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (Approval no.: BUC-IACUC-240418–90). Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants or include any individual person’s data.

: All procedures involving animals were conducted in strict accordance with internationally accepted ethical principles for the humane care and use of animals in research. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Badr University in Cairo Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (Approval no.: BUC-IACUC-240418-90). The study was designed to adhere to the principles of the ‘3Rs’ (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) to minimize animal use and suffering. The care and use of animals were in compliance with the International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals as promulgated by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). Furthermore, this manuscript has been prepared in accordance with the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines to ensure the transparent and comprehensive reporting of our findings, thereby facilitating their evaluation and reproducibility.

: The authors declare no competing interests.