Kobayashi, Masayuki
Ishikuro, Mami
Obara, Taku
Takada, Naoko
Fujioka, Shunsuke
Matsumura, Saiko
Shinoda, Genki
Noda, Aoi
Murakami, Keiko
Orui, Masatsugu
Yoshida, Sayaka
Hanyuda, Akiko
Kawasaki, Ryo
Hozawa, Atsushi
Nakazawa, Toru
Fuse, Nobuo
Kuriyama, Shinichi
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJPF2201)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP21tm0124005)
Article History
Received: 16 January 2026
Revised: 10 June 2026
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 27 June 2026
Competing Interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The TMM BirThree Cohort Study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tohoku University Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (2013-1-103-1). All participants provided their informed consent at enrolment. For participants with insufficient ability to understand the study protocol and with the approval of the Ethics Committee, informed consent was obtained from their guardians.