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Authors
Wu, Jia-Ling
Chang, Yu-Tzu
Lee, Pei-Chen
Cheng, Ya-Yun
Yu, Tsung
Chen, Pei-Shih
Novida, Hermina
Wen, Yun-Kai
Hsu, I.-Lin
Li, Chung-Yi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW113-HPA-H-113-112101)
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 112-2314-B-006-067-MY3)
National Cheng Kung University
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Article History
Received: 14 September 2025
Revised: 29 January 2026
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 7 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interest.
: This study had been approved by Institutional Review Board of National Cheng Kung University Hospital for research ethics approval (No. A-ER-112–677). The data sets analyzed during the current study are not publicly available because of information governance restrictions.
: This study was conducted using de-identified secondary data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) and the Adult Preventive Healthcare Services (APHS) database in Taiwan. According to the policy of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of National Cheng Kung University Hospital, the requirement for written informed consent was waived, as the study involved retrospective analysis of anonymized data and posed minimal risk to participants (IRB No. A-ER-112-677).
