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Authors
Bachnas, Muhammad Adrianes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-3909
Anggraini, Nutria Widya Purna
Prabowo, Wisnu
Yuliantara, Eric Edwin
Nurinasari, Hafi
Respati, Supriyadi Hari
Sulistyowati, Sri
Andonotopo, Wiku
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitas Sebelas Maret (Grant No. 370/UN27.22/PY.01.03/2025)
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Article History
Received: 16 August 2025
Revised: 11 October 2025
Accepted: 16 October 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia (Approval No. 1.505/VII/HREC/2025).
: All participants provided written informed consent prior to inclusion in the study. For critically ill patients unable to provide consent, written informed consent was obtained from their legally authorized representatives.
: Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations: Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of Dr. Moewardi General Hospital (Approval No. 1.505/VII/HREC/2025). All participants or their legal representatives provided written informed consent prior to inclusion in the study.
: Clinical trial number: not applicable.
