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Authors
Lai, Shih-Wei
Lin, Cheng-Li
Liao, Kuan-Fu
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Article History
Received: 16 October 2025
Revised: 28 December 2025
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 22 January 2026
Declarations
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: Shih-Wei Lai, Cheng-Li Lin, and Kuan-Fu Liao disclose that they have no conflict of interests. The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study is exempt from informed consent. The data reviewed is a secondary analysis of existing data, does not involve intervention or interaction with human subjects, and is de-identified in accordance with the de-identification standard defined in Section §164.514(a) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The process by which the data is de-identified is attested to through a formal determination by a qualified expert as defined in Section §164.514(b)(1) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. This formal determination by a qualified expert was refreshed on December 2020.
