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Authors
Tiko, Joël Mobunda
Badesire, Lebon Aganze
Mukirania, John Katembo
Azenge, Jean Pierre
Sikuzani, Yannick Useni
Balandi, Julien Bwazani
Matabaro, Josué Muganda
Nduwayo, Etienne
Rakotondrasoa, Olivia Lovanirina
Ndjadi, Serge Shakanye
Hulu, Jean Pierre Meniko To
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
ENABEL Project (DeSIRA Agroforêt COD2006/DA113220000037, DeSIRA Agroforêt COD2006/DA113220000037, DeSIRA Agroforêt COD2006/DA113220000037, DeSIRA Agroforêt COD2006/DA113220000037, DeSIRA Agroforêt COD2006/DA113220000037, DeSIRA Agroforêt COD2006/DA113220000037, DeSIRA Agroforêt COD2006/DA113220000037)
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Article History
Received: 25 August 2025
Accepted: 3 November 2025
First Online: 10 November 2025
Declarations
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: The plant species used in this study, Hevea brasiliensis (Muell. Arg.), was identified by Mr Albert ANGBONGA BASIA researcher at Institut Facultaire des Sciences Agronomique de Yangambi. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the National Herbarium of Yangambi under the deposition number YBI-2024-01234-ANGBONGA and identified by Elasi RAMAZANI. The specimens are publicly accessible for verification and reference. All plant material used in this research was collected in strict compliance with local and national regulations governing the collection and use of biological resources in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Field sampling was conducted in historic rubber plantations located in Sankuru Province. Prior permission for the collection of plant material was obtained from Landowner, and all applicable guidelines were strictly followed. The research did not involve any endangered or protected species, and no special permits were required beyond those obtained from the appropriate authorities.
: All participants provided written informed consent for participation and publication of their anonymized data in this study.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
