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Article History

Received: 24 July 2025

Accepted: 15 November 2025

First Online: 10 December 2025

Declarations

:

: All experimental protocols involving human participants in this study (questionnaire surveys) were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. For participants under the age of 16 years, informed consent was obtained from their parents or legally authorized representatives. All participants were informed about the study’s purpose, potential risks, and benefits, and their participation was entirely voluntary.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.