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Authors
Matabaro, Josué Muganda
Badesire, Lebon Aganze
Tiko, Joël Mobunda
Nduwayo, Etienne
Mukotanyi, Serge Mugisho
Kavainda, Olivier Muhindo
Musavandalo, Charles Mumbere
Lovarinina, Olivia Rakotondrasoa
Hulu, Jean-pierre Meniko To
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The European Union / ENABEL Project (DeSIRA Agroforêt COD2006/DA113220000037)
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Article History
Received: 28 July 2025
Accepted: 19 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Ecole Régionale Postuniversitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion Intégrés des Forêts et Territoires Tropicaux (ERAIFT/UNESCO), which serves as an official ethics committee for research approval (Protocol code N° ERAIFT/CAR/BM/12/03/2025, dated 12 March 2025). The authors attest that informed consent was obtained from the participants and from the parents or legally authorized representatives of subjects under 16 years of age, for participation in the study and for the publication of images in an open-access online publication.
: All participants provided written informed consent for participation and publication of their anonymized data in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
