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Article History

Received: 25 November 2025

Accepted: 20 March 2026

First Online: 27 March 2026

Declarations

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: All animal protocols, all methods and procedures used in this study were approved and performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences under protocol number #3930. The study did not involve human research participants.67NR cell lines were kindly provided from Antonio Allen, PhD, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, AR, USA. In vitro cytotoxicity, colony formation, E-Screen analyses, CYP1B1 activity assays were conducted by EIE and ATA in HGO’s laboratory at Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology. The migration and in vivo experiments were conducted by ATA and KJK in NAB’s laboratory at University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences. Chemical synthesis and characterization studies were completed in SS’s laboratory at Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.

: All authors (Elif Ince-Erguc, Alev Tascioglu Aliyev, Kimberly Krager, Sibel Suzen, Nukhet Aykin-Burns, and Hande Gurer-Orhan) consent for the publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.