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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62466016, 62241202)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021ZD0111000)
Key Research and Development Plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology (2021ZD0111002)
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Article History
Received: 5 April 2025
Accepted: 7 June 2025
First Online: 2 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
: In this study, all data used were obtained in accordance with the relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the data collection process. Any identifying information has been removed to ensure confidentiality and privacy. This research has been approved by the College of Information and Communication Engineering Review Board or Ethics Committee at Hainan University.
