Siregar, Ivan Michael https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4864-9430
Othman, Zulaiha Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-5266
Bakar, Azuraliza Abu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4899-2443
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2023/ICT02/UKM/02/2)
Article History
Received: 27 February 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 23 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The author states that there are no financial or personal relationships that could have improperly influenced the publication of this paper.