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Deep learning framework for crowd congestion detection in smart cities via encoding motion irregularities using recurrence plots

Published Online: 2025-10-15

Published Print: 2025-10

Authors

Alhawsawi, Abdullah N

Khan, Sultan Daud https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7406-8441
Rehman, Faizan Ur
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research (project No. 22/109)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-10-01

Version of Record valid from 2025-10-15
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Article History

Received: 5 July 2025

Accepted: 16 September 2025

First Online: 15 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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