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Authors
Alhassan, Afnan M.
Altmami, Nouf
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2025
Accepted: 7 February 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study does not involve human participants or animals. All experiments were conducted using publicly available benchmark datasets, including the CIC-MalMem-2022 dataset ( ), CIC IoT dataset 2023 ( ), and CIC-IDS2017 dataset (Intrusion detection evaluation dataset n.d.).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
