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Article History

Received: 4 January 2026

Accepted: 1 March 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical research principles. The UAV aerial imagery used in this research was collected from construction sites with proper authorization from site managers and relevant authorities. No personally identifiable information was captured or included in the dataset. The research does not involve human subjects, animal experiments, or sensitive personal data. All data collection and processing procedures comply with applicable regulations and ethical guidelines for remote sensing research.

: The authors declare no competing interests.