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Authors
Wang, Baoyu
Yang, Mao
Cao, Pingping
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Basic Research Fund of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education (No. LJ212510175010)
the Basic Research Projects of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education with Grant (No. JYTMS20231411)
the Fundamental Research Funds for Technical Study of Ministry of Public Security by Grant (No.2023JSYJC23)
the Smart Grid-National Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2025ZD0805500)
the Public Security Theory and Soft Science Foundation of Ministry of Public Security of China (No. 2023LL21)
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Article History
Received: 10 March 2026
Accepted: 23 April 2026
First Online: 1 May 2026
Declarations
Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical and Informed Consent for Data Used: The data used in this paper are from publicly available datasets and do not violate any ethical guidelines.
Ethics Declaration: Not applicable.
