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Article History

Received: 21 January 2025

Accepted: 27 April 2025

First Online: 11 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia (No: 75/Ethical Approval/FKGUI/XI/2023) with protocol number: 051021123 in accordance with the Guideline for Good Clinical Practice E6(R1) by International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use; World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki; a Practical Guide for Health Researchers by World Health Organization; and International Ethical Guidelines for Health-Related Research Involving Humans by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO).

: We hereby transfer, assign, or otherwise convey all copyright ownership, including any and all rights incidental thereto, exclusively to the journal, in the event that such work is published by the journal.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.