Document is current

Article History

Received: 26 April 2026

Accepted: 4 August 2026

First Online: 14 August 2026

Declarations

Ethical approval: All procedures involving human data were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee of Pusan National University Dental Hospital and with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The study protocol governing the original CBCT data acquisition was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Pusan National University Dental Hospital (Approval No. 2025-040014). The present study involved secondary use of a previously constructed anonymized finite element model and did not include any new human participants.

Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies: During the preparation and revision of this manuscript, the authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA, USA) for English-language editing and organizational assistance. The authors subsequently reviewed and edited all AI-assisted content and take full responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.