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Article History

Received: 21 February 2026

Revised: 25 March 2026

Accepted: 26 March 2026

First Online: 13 May 2026

Declarations

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: The authors declare no financial conflicts of interest relevant to this manuscript. Nonetheless, for full transparency, Frédéric Leroy reports non-remunerated membership of scientific boards of the Belgian Association for Meat Science and Technology (non-profit academic society), Belgian Nutrition Society (non-profit academic society), Belgian Society for Food Microbiology (non-profit academic society), World Farmers’ Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the European Parliament’s Sustainable Livestock Intergroup. Ty Beal declares no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Frank R. Dunshea is a member of the board of Australian Pork Research Limited and Animal Production Science and reports non-financial support from the World Association for Animal Production and non-financial support and travel reimbursement from PigWeb. Peer Ederer reports funding from governmental and commercial sources to support the research program at GOALSciences (those sources are confidential, none of them have influence on the research agenda) and non-remunerated membership of the scientific boards of the World Farmers’ Organization and the European Parliament’s Sustainable Livestock Intergroup. Michael R. F. Lee reports non-remunerated membership of scientific boards of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, World Farmers’ Organization, and the European Parliament’s Sustainable Livestock Intergroup. Pablo Manzano reports non-remunerated membership of scientific boards of Trashumancia y Naturaleza, the World Farmers’ Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the European Parliament’s Sustainable Livestock Intergroup. Frank Mitloehner reports a relationship with the UC Davis CLEAR Center as Director; he also reports funding from a variety of public agencies, commodity groups, and private-sector organizations within the agricultural and animal health sectors to support research on livestock production systems; all research funding is administered through the University of California, Davis, under established institutional policies that ensure investigator independence and academic integrity. Sara Place reports a relationship with Dairy Management Inc that includes board membership and funding of grants, scientific board membership at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and funding grants from the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment, US Department of Agriculture, State of Colorado Department of Agriculture, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Gerstner Family Foundation, NSF Ascend Engine, Elanco Animal Health, Cargill Inc, Zoetis Inc, and American Hereford Association. Agustin del Prado reports financial support provided by Provacuno and Lactalis. Giuseppe Pulina reports non-remunerated membership of the scientific boards of the World Farmers’ Organization and the European Parliament’s Sustainable Livestock Intergroup; he is the non-remunerated president of the non-profit association Carni Sostenibili (Sustainable Meat), which provides information on responsible consumption and sustainable and ethical meat production through media activities based strictly on scientific evidence. Brad Ridoutt has undertaken food systems research related to environmental issues for a variety of private sector organizations and Australian government agencies (including Dairy Australia and Meat and Livestock Australia). Jason Rowntree reports a relationship as non-remunerated scientific advisor for the Meat Institute (USA) and membership of the US Roundtable for Sustainable Beef. None of the authors’ advisory roles mentioned did influence the conception, interpretation, or conclusions of this manuscript.