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Article History

Received: 8 October 2025

Revised: 21 January 2026

Accepted: 13 February 2026

First Online: 27 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Dr. Wickwire’s institution received research support from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation, Department of Defense, Merck, National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute on Aging (NIA), ResMed, ResMed Foundation, and Sleep Research Society Foundation. Dr. Wickwire served as a scientific consultant to Axsome Therapeutics, Dayzz, Eisai, EnsoData, Idorsia, Merck, Nox Health, Purdue, ResMed, and Primasun and is an equity shareholder in WellTap. Dr. Lo-Ciganic reports receiving grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIA, National Institute of Mental Health, Richard King Mellon Foundation at the University of Pittsburgh, Clinical and Translational Science Institute of the University of Florida (UF), Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America Foundation, and US Department of Veterans Affairs outside the submitted work; has a patent pending for U1195.70174US00; and was compensated by Teva Pharmaceuticals for consulting services. Dr. Wilson participated in the editorial board for the Journal of Pharmacy Technology and received grants from NIDA, NIA, and the US Department of Veterans Affairs outside the submitted work. Dr. Park received grants from NIDA, National Human Genome Research Institute, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Dr. Malhotra is funded by NIH, and reports income from Eli Lilly, Zoll, Livanova, Sunrise, and Powell Mansfield. He is co-founder of Clairyon, a small startup unrelated to the topic of the present work. ResMed made a philanthropic donation to the University of California, San Diego. Dr. Kaufmann received consulting fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Bhattacharjee served as a scientific consultant for Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Avadel Pharmaceuticals, and Harmony Biosciences and received funding from ResMed. All reported competing interests are outside the submitted work. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.

: The University of Florida Institutional Review Board approved the study.

: The University of Florida Institutional Review Board waived the requirement for informed consent as all data used in this observational study is deidentified.