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Article History

Received: 20 February 2026

Revised: 23 June 2026

Accepted: 29 July 2026

First Online: 31 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The SURMOUNT-OSA trials were conducted in accordance with consensus ethical principles, including the Declaration of Helsinki and Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences International Ethical Guidelines, applicable International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and applicable laws and regulations, and were approved by the relevant ethics committee/review board at each site. All participants in all primary trials provided written informed consent. The SURMOUNT-OSA program was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05412004).

Consent for publication: As no identifying information is included, participants were not required to provided consent for publication.

Competing interests: financial disclosures: This work was performed at Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. This study was funded by Eli Lilly and Company. SR has received consulting fees from Amgen and Eli Lilly and Company; her institution has received research funding from Proxima/Google. RG is part of the advisory boards of Alkermes, Amgen, Eli Lilly and Company; and has received lecture fees Somnomed, Takeda, Eisai. CT has received honorarium and consulting fees from Eli Lilly and Company, and Notos Medical Ltd; is a scientific founder of and holds stock in Notos Medical Ltd. DR has received patent royalties and consulting fees from Fisher and Paykel Healthcare; clinical research grants from Fisher and Paykel Healthcare, Prosomnus and PranaQ; and has served on scientific advisory boards for Fisher Paykel Healthcare, Somnomed and Apnimed. AM is funded by NIH. He reports income from Eli Lilly and Company, Livanova, Zoll, Powell Mansfield, and Sunrise. Resmed gave a philanthropic donation to UCSD. CCX, SC , GKD , EL , and BF are current employees and shareholders of Eli Lilly and Company.  BL is a former employee and shareholder of Eli Lilly and Company. JB is a former employee of Eli Lilly and Company and a current employee of AMGEN, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320–1799.

Competing interests: non-financial disclosures: SR has served as an unpaid member of the scientific advisory boards for ApniMed Inc; served as an unpaid board member for the National Sleep Foundation and Alliance of Sleep Apnea Partners. AM is co-founder and has equity in Clairyon, a small startup unrelated to this topic.