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Article History

Received: 29 August 2025

Revised: 8 January 2026

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 27 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Both secondary sources and a questionnaire were used to gather data for this study. This study was conducted in Bangladesh with human participants through household surveys. Formal approval for conducting the survey was obtained from the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET), which issued an authorization letter permitting data collection. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, assured of the confidentiality of their responses, and their participation was entirely voluntary. No personally identifiable information was collected. All respondents to the questionnaire gave their informed consent, and participation was completely voluntary. The study was carried out in compliance with the rules and regulations governing social science research ethics. To maintain anonymity, no personally identifiable information was gathered, and all answers were encrypted. The original data sources’ terms and conditions were adhered to while using secondary data. Informed verbal consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in this study. All participants were adults (18 years or older), and no minors were included in the research. Therefore, parental or guardian consent was not required. Freely-given, informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants in this study. Prior to the household surveys, all participants were informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, their right to withdraw at any time, and the confidentiality measures in place to protect their responses. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants, which was deemed appropriate given the low-risk nature of the survey and the cultural context of the study setting in Bangladesh.

: All participants were informed that the data collected would be used for research purposes and potential publication in academic journals. Participants provided consent for their anonymized data to be published as part of this research. No personally identifiable information was collected, ensuring complete anonymity of all respondents.

: The authors declare no competing interests.