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Article History

Received: 11 February 2026

Revised: 12 April 2026

Accepted: 19 May 2026

First Online: 15 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Departmental Exam Committee, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET), Chattogram, Bangladesh, for the academic session 2021–2022, in accordance with institutional guidelines for undergraduate research. Although a formal reference number was not issued under the departmental review process, all procedures adhered to established ethical standards for social science research. Prior to data collection, informed consent was obtained from all participants after clearly explaining the study objectives, procedures, and voluntary nature of participation. Respondents were assured of anonymity and confidentiality, and no personally identifiable information was recorded. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without consequence. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the research process to ensure the protection of personal and identifying information. For participants under the age of 16 years, informed consent was obtained from a parent or legally authorized guardian. The study did not involve the collection of biological samples or any clinical or medical interventions.

: The manuscript doesn’t contain any person’s data, images, or identifiable information in any form that would require consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.