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Article History

Received: 5 March 2026

Revised: 6 August 2026

Accepted: 11 August 2026

First Online: 17 August 2026

Declarations

Ethical approval: This study was conducted under the Senior Citizen Care Home Programme of the National Service Scheme (NSS), Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India, implemented through Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University (CSJMU), Kanpur, in accordance with administrative authorization (Letter No. 15 − 01/Ra.Se.Yo./Pra.Shi./Lucknow/2025–26/13292–13374, dated 17 January 2026). Permission for data collection was obtained from the participating old age homes. The Institutional Human Ethics Committee of CSJMU, Kanpur, waived the requirement for formal ethical approval. All procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki, the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, and applicable institutional and national guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality, anonymity, and participants’ rights were ensured throughout the study.

Consent to participate: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Participants were informed about the objectives of the study, the voluntary nature of their participation, the confidentiality of their responses, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.