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Article History

Received: 25 March 2026

Accepted: 21 July 2026

First Online: 21 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the LIUPPA Laboratory, University of Pau and the Adour Region. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All participants were first-year university students (L1 Informatique) and over the age of 18. The data collection software provided participants with the explicit option to confirm, refuse, or pause their participation in the data collection at any time during the activity.

Consent to publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.

GenAI statement: The authors utilized a large language model (LLM) as a writing assistant for the revision of this manuscript. The LLM’s role was strictly limited to improving grammar, style, and clarity of the text. All scientific contributions, including the research methodology, data analysis, and interpretation of results, were conceived and executed exclusively by the human authors. The final manuscript reflects the authors’ own work and intellectual contributions.

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.