Metsälä, Johanna http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3806-1020
Risnes, Kari http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6599-0146
Persson, Martina http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-3159
Veijola, Riitta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-270X
Pulakka, Anna http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-8632
Heikkilä, Katriina http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6269-6881
Alenius, Suvi http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4010-5299
Gissler, Mika http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8254-7525
Opdahl, Signe http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6593-8433
Sandin, Sven http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6994-4884
Kajantie, Eero http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7081-8391
Funding for this research was provided by:
Finska Läkaresällskapet
Research Council of Finland (315690)
Sigrid Juséliuksen Säätiö
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (733280, 874739)
Signe ja Ane Gyllenbergin Säätiö
The Joint Research Committee of St. Olavs University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at NTNU (30223/2022)
Stockholm City Council
European Commission Horizon Europe (101057739)
Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
Lastentautien Tutkimussäätiö
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare
Article History
Received: 29 March 2023
Accepted: 1 March 2024
First Online: 13 April 2024
Acknowledgement
: Some of the data were presented as an abstract at the European Perinatal and Pediatric Conference (EPEC) meeting in 2023.
: Data protection laws do not permit sharing of the data used in this study. Access to the Finnish data can be requested from the Finnish Social and Health Data Permit Authority (Findata; ExternalRef removed). Access to the Norwegian data can be requested from the Norwegian Health Data service (ExternalRef removed) and Statistics Norway (ExternalRef removed) but requires ethical approval and institutional data protection assessment. Access to the Swedish data can be requested from the National Board of Health and Welfare (ExternalRef removed) and Statistics Sweden (ExternalRef removed).
: This work has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 733280 for Research on European Children and Adults Born Preterm (RECAP). JM was funded by the Finnish Cultural Foundation. EK was funded by the Academy of Finland (315690), Foundation for Pediatric Research, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation, Finska Läkaresällskapet and Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation. MP had a Stockholm City Council research position. AP was funded by the European Commission through Horizon 2020 (874739) and Horizon Europe (101057739). KH was funded by the Foundation for Pediatric Research and Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation. The Joint Research Committee of St Olav’s University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) funded Norwegian contributions to this study (30223/2022). Funders had no role in the design of the study, analysis of the data, reporting of the results or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: JM generated the hypotheses and designed the study, with input from KR, SS, MP and EK. KR, SS and EK led on data acquisition and secured funding. JM, KH, AP and SO participated in generating analytical datasets and JM analysed the data. All authors participated in interpretation of data. JM drafted the manuscript and all authors critically revised it for important intellectual content. JM had full access to the data from all countries and KR, SO, SS, KH, AP and EK had full access to the data from their respective countries. All authors take final responsibility for the decision to submit the report for publication. EK is the guarantor of this work.