Article History
Received: 19 December 2020
Revised: 1 September 2021
Accepted: 17 September 2021
First Online: 15 December 2021
Declarations
:
: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
: The method presented in this paper is part of the commercial optimization environment LEOPARD of Volkswagen AG. Nevertheless, using the proposed numerical schemes, integration into other optimization environments and thus the reproduction of the presented results are possible without any restrictions. The example of the wheel carrier is published in the supplementary material of this paper, including the design and non-design space as well as the used load cases and material definitions.