van Noordwijk, Maria A. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-0845
LaBarge, Laura R. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7319-0157
Kunz, Julia A. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-2982
Marzec, Anna M.
Spillmann, Brigitte
Ackermann, Corinne
Rianti, Puji
Vogel, Erin R. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6304-5423
Atmoko, S. Suci Utami
Kruetzen, Michael
van Schaik, Carel P. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-4509
Funding for this research was provided by:
A.H. Schultz-Stiftung zur Förderung Primatologischer Forschung
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (310030B_160363/1, 3100A-116848)
USAID (APS-497-11-000001)
National Science Foundation (BCS-0643122)
Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior
Article History
Received: 22 June 2023
Revised: 13 November 2023
Accepted: 15 November 2023
First Online: 6 December 2023
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This was an observational study under natural conditions and fecal samples were collected non-invasively. Observers did not interact with focal individuals in any way and remained at a minimum distance of 10 m in order to minimize any effect on their natural behavior. The data collection protocol for this study adhered to the legal requirements of Indonesia and was approved by the Indonesian State Ministry for Research and Technology (RISTEK-BRIN), the Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation-Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia (KSDAE-KLHK), the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Indonesia, and the Nature Conservation Agency of Central Kalimantan (BKSDA)) for many subsequent research permits to participants in the Tuanan Orangutan Research Project. Fecal sample collection adhered to Indonesian and international regulations and was authorized by the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK). A subset of the non-invasively collected fecal samples was exported for analyses from Indonesia to Switzerland under permits 00961/IV/SATS-LN/2007, 07279/IV/SATS-LN/2009, and 16223/IV/SA TS-LN/2016 from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Duplicate samples are deposited at IPB University, Indonesia.