de Sitter, A. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2579-9675
,
Visser, M.
Brouwer, I.
Cover, K. S.
van Schijndel, R. A.
Eijgelaar, R. S.
Müller, D. M. J.
Ropele, S.
Kappos, L.
Rovira, Á.
Filippi, M.
Enzinger, C.
Frederiksen, J.
Ciccarelli, O.
Guttmann, C. R. G.
Wattjes, M. P.
Witte, M. G.
de Witt Hamer, P. C.
Barkhof, F.
Vrenken, H.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Stichting MS Research (09-358d, 14-358e)
Medical Devices Initiative as part of NWO, NL (10-10400-96-14003)
KWF Kankerbestrijding (VU2014-7113)
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (nan)
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCLH (nan)
Article History
Received: 18 April 2019
Revised: 16 August 2019
Accepted: 13 September 2019
First Online: 5 November 2019
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Hugo Vrenken, h.vrenken@vumc.nl
: The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies:A. de Sitter is employed on a project sponsored by a research grant from Teva Pharmaceuticals (grant to H. Vrenken and F. Barkhof).M. Visser has nothing to disclose.I. Brouwer is partly employed on a project sponsored by a research grant from Teva Pharmaceuticals (grant to H. Vrenken and F. Barkhof) and is partly employed on a project sponsored by a research grant from Novartis (grant to H. Vrenken and F. Barkhof).K.S. Cover has nothing to disclose.R.A. van Schijndel has nothing to disclose.R.S. Eijgelaar has nothing to disclose.D.M.J. Müller has nothing to disclose.S. Ropele has nothing to disclose.L. Kappos has served in the last 24 months as international or local principal investigator for the following drug studies: BOLD EXT., EXPAND (Siponimod, Novartis), DECIDE, DECIDE EXT. (Daclizumab HYP, Biogen), ENDORSE (DMF, Biogen), FINGORETT, FTY-UMBRELLA, INFORMS, INFORMS EXT LONGTERMS. (Fingolimod, Novartis), MOMENTUM (Amiselimod, Mitsubishi) OCRELIZUMAB PHASE II EXT., OPERA, ORATORIO and extensions (Ocrelizumab, Roche), REFLEXION (IFN β-1a, Merck), STRATA EXT, TOP (Natalizumab, Biogen), TERIFLUNOMIDE EXT, TERRIKIDS (Teriflunomide, Sanofi-Aventis), and ASCLEPIOS I/II (Ofatumumab, Novartis). L. Kappos is a member in the Editorial Boards of the following journals: “<i>Journal of Neurology</i>”, “<i>Multiple Sclerosis Journal</i>”, “<i>Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience</i>“, “<i>Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders</i>”, “<i>Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</i>”.Á. Rovira serves on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Icometrix, SyntheticMR, Bayer, Biogen, and OLEA Medical, and has received speaker honoraria from Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Bracco, Merck Serono, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Novartis, Roche, and Biogen.M. Filippi received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Novartis, Genzyme, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, Merck Serono, and Roche and receives research support from the Italian Ministry of Health and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.C. Enzinger declares no conflict of interest.J. Frederiksen has received no funding to support the presented work. She has served on scientific advisory boards for and received funding for travel related to these activities as well as honoraria from Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, Novartis, and Almirall. She has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Teva, and Novartis. She has served as advisor on preclinical development for Takeda.O. Ciccarelli has received research grants from the MS Society of Great Britain & Northern Ireland, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, EUH2020, Spinal Cord Research Foundation, and Rosetrees Trust. Professor Ciccarelli serves as a consultant for Novartis, Teva, and Roche and has received an honorarium from the AAN as Associate Editor of Neurology and serves on the Editorial Board of <i>Multiple Sclerosis Journal</i>.C.R.G. Guttmann has received research grants form Sanofi and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.M.P. Wattjes has received speaker and/or consultancy fees from Biogen, Biologix, Bayer Healthcare, Celgene, Genilac, IXICO, Novartis, Merck Serono, Sanofi-Genzyme, Springer Healthcare, and Roche.M.G. Witte has nothing to disclose.P.C. de Witt Hamer has nothing to disclose.F. Barkhof has received compensation for consulting services and/or speaking activities from Bayer Schering Pharma, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Genzyme, Synthon BV, Roche, Teva, Jansen research and IXICO and is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCLH.H. Vrenken has received research grants from Novartis, Teva, Merck Serono, and Pfizer; consulting fees from Merck Serono; and speaker honoraria from Novartis; all funds were paid directly to his institution.
: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.
: Written informed consent was obtained for primary studies from all subjects (patients) in this study.
: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for primary studies.
: Some study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported in Wyman et al (2013) and de Sitter et al (2017). All patients of the paper from de Sitter et al (2017) were used and a subset of the data published in Wyman et al (2013). The difference in this study is that we use the dataset to study the effect of facial features removal, what is not done with this data yet.
: • prospective• observational• multicenter study