Article History
Received: 19 May 2017
Accepted: 17 October 2017
First Online: 30 October 2017
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
: The authors have no financial disclosures. This manuscript submitted does not contain information about medical devices or drugs.
: De-identified patient information is freely available to all institutional members who comply with the ACS-NSQIP Data Use Agreement. Research with this completely de-identified dataset constitutes non-human subjects research and is exempt from IRB review. The Data Use Agreement implements the protections afforded by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and the ACS-NSQIP Hospital Participation Agreement.