Hara, Chikako http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9320-5408
Wakabayashi, Taku
Fukushima, Yoko
Sayanagi, Kaori
Kawasaki, Ryo
Sato, Shigeru
Sakaguchi, Hirokazu
Nishida, Kohji
Article History
Received: 2 July 2019
Revised: 18 August 2019
Accepted: 27 August 2019
First Online: 3 September 2019
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: None of the authors has a proprietary interest or conflict of interest in any product mentioned in this article. Dr. Hara has received lecture fees from Alcon pharma, Bayer, Santen, Pfizer, and Senju. Dr. Wakabayashi has received lecture fees from Santen and Senju. Dr. Sayanagi has received lecture fees from Alcon pharma, Bayer, Senju, and Otsuka. Dr. Sakaguchi heads an affiliated endowed department (Menicon) and has received lecture fees from Alcon pharma, Santen, and Nihon Alcon. Dr. Kawasaki also heads an affiliated endowed department (Topcon) and has received lecture fees from Alcon pharma, Bayer, Novartis, Senju, Pfizer, Kowa, Takeda, Astellas, Santen, Nitto Medic, and Topcon, as well as consultancy fees from Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Office Future, Predictive Analytic Group, and MICIN. Dr. Nishida has received lecture fees from Alcon, Carl Zeiss, Otsuka, Pfizer, Santen, and Senju, as well as grants from HOYA and Santen. Dr. Fukushima and Dr. Sato have no disclosures to make.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee (Ethics Committee of Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; approval number 10039) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: The need for informed consent was waived in view of the retrospective nature of the research.