Soffin, Ellen M.
Freeman, Carrie
Hughes, Alexander P.
Wetmore, Douglas S.
Memtsoudis, Stavros G.
Girardi, Federico P.
Zhong, Haoyan
Beckman, James D.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care and Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery (N/A)
Article History
Received: 14 April 2019
Revised: 21 June 2019
Accepted: 16 July 2019
First Online: 27 July 2019
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: EMS, CF, DSW, HZ and JDB declare no conflicts of interest. APH declares conflicts of interest with the following (not related to this study): 4WEB Medical, NuVasive, Inc., Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals and Pfizer, Inc. FPG declares conflicts of interest with the following (not related to this study): Lanx, Nuvasive, Orthodevelopment Crop, Depuy Spine, Small Bone Innovations, Pioneer Surgical Technology, Life Spine, Centinel Spine, Spinal Kinetics, Paradigm Spine, Gerson Lehrman Group, Spineart USA, Pharmawrite, Scient’x USA, HealthpointCapital and MiMedx. SGM is the owner of SGM Consulting, LLC, and FC Monmouth LLC is a former consultant for Teikoku and Sandoz and a patent holder for multicatheter infusion system.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee (Hospital for Special Surgery Institutional Review Board: HSS IRB 2017-1413) and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.