Lin, Leanne
Li, Chenshuang
Chen, Stephanie H.
Boucher, Normand S.
Chung, Chun-Hsi
Funding for this research was provided by:
American Association of Orthodontists Foundation
Amercian Association of Orthodontists
University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine
Article History
Received: 29 April 2022
Accepted: 4 April 2023
First Online: 6 April 2023
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Pennsylvania (protocol number: 843717).
: Patient consent was waived because the CBCT images for this study were derived from a pre-existing clinical database of pre-orthodontic treatment records. No additional radiographic images were taken for the current study, and no personal identifying information was included in the current study.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.