Kudsi, O. Y. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6723-0909
Chang, K. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1227-2911
Bou-Ayash, N. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1102-9170
Gokcal, F. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0832-7991
Article History
Received: 3 February 2020
Accepted: 19 April 2020
First Online: 5 May 2020
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: Drs. Karen Chang, Naseem Bou-Ayash, and Fahri Gokcal have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose. Dr. Omar Yusef Kudsi has received a teaching course and/or consultancy fees from Intuitive Surgical, Bard-Davol and W. L. Gore outside the submitted work.
: The database used for this study approved by the Institutional Review Board.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.