Li, Xiao http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1918-1791
Bilcke, Joke http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5720-5291
van der Velden, Alike W. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9443-2837
Bruyndonckx, Robin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4217-2869
Coenen, Samuel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1238-8052
Bongard, Emily http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5957-6280
de Paor, Muirrean
Chlabicz, Slawomir http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-4588
Godycki-Cwirko, Maciek
Francis, Nick http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-7312
Aabenhus, Rune http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9354-2236
Bucher, Heiner C.
Colliers, Annelies
De Sutter, An http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2540-8307
Garcia-Sangenis, Ana http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6689-6466
Glinz, Dominik http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-8186
Harbin, Nicolay J. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3005-6908
Kosiek, Katarzyna
Lindbæk, Morten
Lionis, Christos http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9324-2839
Llor, Carl http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6644-717X
Mikó-Pauer, Réka
Radzeviciene Jurgute, Ruta
Seifert, Bohumil http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6881-8840
Sundvall, Pär-Daniel http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9889-509X
Touboul Lundgren, Pia
Tsakountakis, Nikolaos
Verheij, Theo J.
Goossens, Herman
Butler, Christopher C.
Beutels, Philippe http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5034-3595
Bongard, Emily http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5957-6280
de Paor, Muirrean
Chlabicz, Slawomir http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-4588
Godycki-Cwirko, Maciek
Francis, Nick http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-7312
Aabenhus, Rune http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9354-2236
Bucher, Heiner C.
Colliers, Annelies
De Sutter, An http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2540-8307
Garcia-Sangenis, Ana http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6689-6466
Glinz, Dominik http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-8186
Harbin, Nicolay J. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3005-6908
Kosiek, Katarzyna
Lindbæk, Morten
Lionis, Christos http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9324-2839
Llor, Carl http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6644-717X
Mikó-Pauer, Réka
Radzeviciene Jurgute, Ruta
Seifert, Bohumil http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6881-8840
Sundvall, Pär-Daniel http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9889-509X
Touboul Lundgren, Pia
Tsakountakis, Nikolaos
,
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Commission (grant HEALTH-F3-2013-602525)
Article History
Received: 24 September 2021
Accepted: 23 August 2022
First Online: 22 September 2022
Declarations
:
: CCB reports grants from National Institute for Health Research Health and grants from National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit on Health Care Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Roche Molecular Systems, grants from Roche Molecular Diagnostics, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Roche diagnostics, personal fees from Janssen Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. DG reports to be employed since June 1, 2020, by Roche Pharma (Schweiz) AG, Basel, Switzerland. Data collections for this manuscript have been completed before his current employment. PB reports grants from European commission IMI, outside the submitted work. NF reports grants from NIHR and Synairgen, consultancy fees from GSK, presenters fees from Abbott and holding stock of Synairgen and AstraZeneca, outside of this submitted work. PDS declares that the Healthcare Committee, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden, partially funded the Swedish part of the study. CL reports grants from Oxford University outside of the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.
: Study was approved by the National Research Ethics Service Committee South Central—Oxford B. Clinical trial authority approval was obtained from the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Per participating country appropriate institutional, national research ethics committee and regulatory approvals were obtained. The ALIC<sup>4</sup>E trial was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Not applicable.