van Dalen, Ellie M. S. P. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5624-9057
van Rensburg, Candice Jansen http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-1438
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of the Free State
Article History
Received: 16 March 2022
Accepted: 22 June 2023
First Online: 6 July 2023
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
: The physically removal of ticks from cattle is performed as control measure by many consistence farmers and is therefore a normal action performed not causing the animals any harm. Stress to animals was limited during this study as animals were confined to a dipping race with a neck clamp with tick collection coinciding with normal farm management practices. The NTRS was conducted during a period when ethical clearance was not compulsory (1998–2001).