Funding for this research was provided by:
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/V01577X/1)
Article History
Received: 11 April 2022
Accepted: 16 June 2022
First Online: 4 July 2022
Compliance with Ethical Standards
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study received full ethical approval by the UCL IOE Research Ethics Committee. It is registered with the UCL Data Protection Office (Z6364106/2020/10/90).
: Survey participants were recruited through online access panels managed by Ipsos and partners. Ipsos uses a “double opt-in” process for all panelists. Individuals wishing to join the Ipsos panel first complete the online recruitment survey and accept the terms and conditions of membership. Panelist are informed that Ipsos will keep all personal information regarding its panelists confidential (their habits, preferences, personal addresses, etc.), and that this information is used only for Ipsos research. Likewise, panelists are requested to adhere to rules regarding the confidentiality of our surveys. Agreement to these terms and conditions provides the first “opt-in” to panel membership. Once the recruitment questionnaire is completed, panelists receive an email and are required to click on a link to confirm they would like to participate in panel membership. This constitutes the second “opt-in”.