Article History
Received: 10 November 2022
Accepted: 15 November 2022
First Online: 7 December 2022
Compliance with Ethical Standards
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is a secondary data analysis of publicly available data (PISA 2018), and the secondary data analysis required no ethical approval.
: This paper involved no primary data collection. However, PISA 2018 data collection procedures indicate that respective parties provided informed consent.