Kang, Yoona http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-5090
Cakar, Melis E.
Shumaker, Kristin
O’Donnell, Matthew Brook
Falk, Emily B.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mind and Life Institute (Varela)
Hopelab
HopeLab
Army Research Office (W911NF1810244)
Article History
Accepted: 2 March 2022
First Online: 6 June 2022
Declarations
:
: This study was approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board.
: All participants provided informed consent.
: Emily Falk, Ph.D., is on the scientific advisory board for Kumanu, a digital well-being company, and has consulted for Google in the past year. The rest of the authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
: Recent work in several fields has identified a bias in citation practices such that papers from women and other minority scholars are under-cited relative to the number of such papers in the field (Dion et al., CitationRef removed; Mitchell et al., CitationRef removed). Here we sought to consider choosing references that reflect the diversity of the field in thought, form of contribution, gender, and other factors. We obtained the predicted gender of the first and last author of each reference by using databases that store the probability of a first name being carried by a woman (Zhou et al., CitationRef removed). By this measure (and excluding self-citations to the first and last authors of our current paper), our references contain 29.83% woman (first)/woman (last), 7.65% man/woman, 25.23% woman/man, and 37.29% man/man. This method is limited in that (a) names, pronouns, and social media profiles used to construct the databases may not, in every case, be indicative of gender identity and (b) it cannot account for intersex, non-binary, or transgender people.