Funding for this research was provided by:
This work was funded by a scholarship from the Potsdam Graduate School to the first author.
The establishment of the GESIS Panel was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
Universität Potsdam
Article History
Accepted: 14 December 2023
First Online: 17 January 2024
Declarations
:
: All procedures performed in the current work involving human participants were in accordance with the recommendations of the German Research Foundation. Moreover, Study 2 complies with all ethical standards of the GESIS Panel, a probability-based mixed-mode access panel operated by GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences. Furthermore, the authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013. According to the recommendations of the German Research Foundation and the ethics committee of the University of Potsdam on when to seek ethical approval, a statement by an ethics committee was not required for the following reasons: The study was based on anonymized data in an adult sample from the general population and did not include patients or other vulnerable groups. The study was not likely to trigger powerful emotions or cause severe psychological stress or traumatic experiences that go beyond the everyday life experience of participants, the study did not induce pain in participants or involve physical or other exceptional risks, and the study did not involve deception. For more information, see ExternalRef removed.
: In both studies, informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the two studies before data collection as it was not possible to proceed with the online questionnaire without prior agreement.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: We did not use additional AI tools other than the programs mentioned in the text for data analyses.