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Article History

Received: 9 September 2022

Revised: 21 November 2022

Accepted: 23 November 2022

First Online: 7 December 2022

Declarations

:

: Because the HCUP-NIS database includes only de-identified patient data, this study was deemed exempt by the George Washington University Committee on Human Research, Institutional Review Boards (IRB# NCR191817).

: Due to all the material consisting of secondary data, no consent was necessary.

: Due to secondary data utilization, informed consent was not required in this study.

: The authors (HM, MP, MM, YM) were supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01MD013901. The author (MP) received funding from Zimmer Biomet.

: These funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.