Funding for this research was provided by:
New Zealand Police
Article History
Received: 7 June 2022
Revised: 28 March 2023
Accepted: 4 April 2023
First Online: 24 July 2023
Declarations
:
: Formal ethics approval was waived by New Zealand Police because all the procedures being performed were part of routine procedures with defendants, and because the simplified notice received approval from the New Zealand Police legal team.
: It was deemed that gaining informed consent would have been more of a burden to participants than is justifiable while they are released from custody. The datasets analysed by the research team were also fully anonymised with identifying features removed, meaning there are no features of the data in this paper which could identify a participant. Hence, informed consent was not sought.
: The authors declare no competing interests.