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Article History

Received: 24 March 2016

Revised: 18 July 2016

Accepted: 2 August 2016

First Online: 10 November 2016

Competing interests

: DV, CA, K-UP and RM are co-inventors on the following patent 'Treatment of neurological or neurodegenerative disorders' (WO2011023250A1). The original patent W02011023250A1 was completed and now published under the number W02014187879A2 (additional references: EP2805972A1, WO2014187879A3). The present invention relates to the field of antibodies. In particular, it provides an anti-NMDA antibody or fragment or derivative thereof which is effective in inhibiting the deleterious effects of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) mediated by <i>N</i>-methyl-<scp>d</scp>-aspartate (NMDA) receptors being toxic to neurons and inflicting damage to the neurovascular unit/blood–brain barrier (BBB) or regulating it in a way that leads to pathological consequences.