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Article History

First Online: 30 June 2016

Competing interests

: R.S.H. has received no direct financial support, nor does he or his family hold patents or equity interest in any biotech or pharmaceutical company. He has received laboratory research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline and Medimmune. He has served as a paid consultant to Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Medimmune and Merck. R.S.H. and Washington University in St Louis, Missouri, USA, have also received grant support from the US NIH, US Public Health Service for research investigations of sepsis. L.L.M. and the University of Florida College of Medicine, USA, have received financial support from the US National Institute of General Medical Sciences, US Public Health Service. No other financial support, patents or equity interest to him or his family are disclosed. S.M.O. has received no direct financial support, nor does he or his family hold patents or equity interest in any biotech or pharmaceutical company. S.M.O. and Brown University, Rhode Island, USA, have received preclinical grants in the past from the NIH, US Public Health Service, Atoxbio, GlaxoSmithKline and Arsanis, and have received financial support for assistance with clinical trial coordination from Asahi Kasei, Ferring, Cardeas and Biocartis. S.M.O. serves as a member of the Data Safety and Monitoring Board (DSMB) for Paratek (for Omadcycline), Acheogen (for Placomicin) and Bristol-Myers Squibb (anti-PDL1 monoclonal antibody). He also serves on the DSMB for two NIH-funded studies: one examining procalcitonin-guided antibiotic administration and the other investigating early intervention for community-acquired sepsis. S.M.O. serves as a paid consultant for BioAegis, Arsanis, Aridis, Batelle and Cyon on various biodefense and monoclonal antibody projects. He also receives royalty payments from Elsevier publishers for the textbook entitled, <i>Infectious Diseases</i> 4th edition. K.R. holds an equity interest in InflaRx and is a paid consultant for Adrenomed. J.-L.V. and I.R.T. declare no competing interests.